Independent guides to golden visas and citizenship by investment
Compare residency-by-investment and second-passport programs worldwide: minimum investment, every fee, timelines and the path to citizenship, checked against official sources.
Minimum investment: €500k fund / €250k culture donation (€200k low-density)
Minimum investment: €250k conversion/listed building · €400k regions · €800k Attica, Thessaloniki & large islands
Minimum investment: €99,000 fees + €375,000 property or €14,000/yr rent
Minimum investment: €250,000 real estate fund (5-year hold) / €1,000,000 university donation
Minimum investment: AED 2M property or deposit (~$544,600)
Minimum investment: $800,000 TEA / $1,050,000 standard (CPI rise for petitions from 1 Jan 2027)
Minimum investment: US$300,000 (first-sale property); US$500,000 resale, securities or state-bank deposit
Minimum investment: $1M gift + $15,000 fee per person ($2M corporate)
Minimum investment: €250k innovative startup · €500k Italian company · €1M donation · €2M government bonds
Minimum investment: $250,000 contribution (SISC or Public Benefit Option); $325,000 approved real estate
Minimum investment: US$200,000 (EDF donation) or US$200,000 real estate + US$75,000 government fee
Minimum investment: US$230,000 NDF donation (US$260,000 UWI for 6; US$300,000 real estate)
Minimum investment: US$235,000 donation / US$270,000 real estate
Minimum investment: US$240,000 (NEF donation); US$300,000 bonds or real estate
Minimum investment: US$400,000 real estate (3-year hold)
View all: citizenship by investment →
Latvia is investigating a residence-permit promotion tied to a disputed €50,000 nursing-home project. Inspectors and law-enforcement agencies are reviewing the business, the permits and possible misuse of the investment route.
IRCC approved 99.3% of the urgent proof of citizenship files it processed during Bill C-3’s first eight months, but the regular queue reached 130,700 people in October 2026.
Latvia’s parliament retroactively annulled Divya Kannan Vishwanath’s special-law citizenship after one week, following doubts about the information and technical defects in the original legislation.