Independent guides to golden visas and citizenship by investment
Compare residency-by-investment and second-passport programs worldwide: minimum investment, every fee, timelines and the path to citizenship, checked against official sources.
Minimum investment: €500k fund / €250k culture donation (€200k low-density)
Minimum investment: €250k conversion/listed building · €400k regions · €800k Attica, Thessaloniki & large islands
Minimum investment: €99,000 fees + €375,000 property or €14,000/yr rent
Minimum investment: €250,000 real estate fund (5-year hold) / €1,000,000 university donation
Minimum investment: AED 2M property or deposit (~$544,600)
Minimum investment: $800,000 TEA / $1,050,000 standard (CPI rise for petitions from 1 Jan 2027)
Minimum investment: US$300,000 (first-sale property); US$500,000 resale, securities or state-bank deposit
Minimum investment: $1M gift + $15,000 fee per person ($2M corporate)
Minimum investment: €250k innovative startup · €500k Italian company · €1M donation · €2M government bonds
Minimum investment: $250,000 contribution (SISC or Public Benefit Option); $325,000 approved real estate
Minimum investment: US$200,000 (EDF donation) or US$200,000 real estate + US$75,000 government fee
Minimum investment: US$230,000 NDF donation (US$260,000 UWI for 6; US$300,000 real estate)
Minimum investment: US$235,000 donation / US$270,000 real estate
Minimum investment: US$240,000 (NEF donation); US$300,000 bonds or real estate
Minimum investment: US$400,000 real estate (3-year hold)
View all: citizenship by investment →
Montenegro began requiring visas for nationals of Russia, Belarus, China, Saudi Arabia and Türkiye on 1 November 2026. Qualifying Schengen and other visas or residence permits can still permit entry for up to 30 days.
At Portugal’s inaugural investment forum, Paul Stannard and Chris Marson cited more than €9 billion in programme-linked investment since 2012, a €54 billion wider impact and a proposal to consider social housing and talent retention.
Barbados's House of Assembly passed rewritten immigration and citizenship bills on October 27, sending them to the Senate two days later. The proposal links permanent residence to a qualifying investment of at least $5 million, then sets 360-day and 270-day citizenship registration tests.